Mathematical Functions in C++ Programming

Mathematical Functions

List of C++ Mathematical Functions

C++ Mathematical functions are predefined functions which accept values and return the result. To use mathematical functions, we have to include math.h or cmath.h header file in our program.

With the help of mathematical functions we can easily solve a complex equation in our program, for example, if we want to find the square root of a number, then we can use sqrt() mathematical function to find the square root of a given number.

Let's see all the important mathematical functions available in C++ in more details with examples.

abs() Function

The abs() function returns the absolute value of an integer number. Here Absolute value means number without negative sign. The absolute value of a number is always positive.

int abs(int num);

An abs() function takes input in integer data type and return the result in integer data type.

#include <iostream>
#include <conio.h>
#include <cmath>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
    int n,x;
    cout<<"Enter an integer number ";
    cin>>n;
    x=abs(n);
    cout<<"Absolute value of "<<n<<" is "<<x;
    return 0;
}

Enter an integer number -18
Absolute value of -18 is 18

Here you can see that we have input -18 and pass the value to the abs() function. The abs() function returned the result in the variable x after removing the negative sign from the number. Thus the final output is 18.

Note: In order to find the absolute value of a float or double data type number you can use fabs() function [Syntax: double fabs(double num)].

sqrt() Function

The sqrt() function returns the square root of a positive number. Remember that square root of a negative can not be calculated.

double sqrt(double num);

A sqrt() function takes input in double data type and return the result in double data type. You can also pass an integer data type number to the sqrt() function but the number will implicitly convert into double data type as shown in the example below.

#include <iostream>
#include <conio.h>
#include <cmath>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
    int n;
    double x;
    cout<<"Enter an integer number ";
    cin>>n;
    x=sqrt(n);
    cout<<"Square root of "<<n<<" is "<<x;
    return 0;
}

Enter an integer number 25
Square root of 25 is 5

Here you can see that we have input 25 and pass the value to the sqrt() function. The sqrt() function returned the result in the variable x after calculating the square root. Thus the final output is 5.

ceil() Function

The ceil() function returns the nearest integer number greater than the number passed as argument.

double ceil(double num);

A ceil() function takes input in double data type and return the result in double data type. You can also pass a float data type number to the ceil() function but the number will implicitly convert into double data type as shown in the example below.

#include <iostream>
#include <conio.h>
#include <cmath>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
    float n,x;
    cout<<"Enter a floating point (decimal) number ";
    cin>>n;
    x=ceil(n);
    cout<<"Ceil value of "<<n<<" is "<<x;
    return 0;
}

Enter a floating point (decimal) number 12.4
Ceil value of 12.4 is 13

Here you can see that we have input 12.4 and pass the value to the ceil() function. The ceil() function returned the result in the variable x after calculating the ceil value of variable n. Thus the final output is 13.

floor() Function

The floor() function returns the nearest integer number less than the number passed as argument.

double floor(double num);

A floor() function takes input in double data type and return the result in double data type. You can also pass a float data type number to the floor() function but the number will implicitly convert into double data type as shown in the example below.

#include <iostream>
#include <conio.h>
#include <cmath>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
    float n,x;
    cout<<"Enter a floating point (decimal) number ";
    cin>>n;
    x=floor(n);
    cout<<"Floor value is "<<n<<" is "<<x;
    return 0;
}

Enter a floating point (decimal) number 12.4
Floor value of 12.4 is 12

Here you can see that we have input 12.4 and pass the value to the floor() function. The floor() function returned the result in the variable x after calculating the floor value of variable n. Thus the final output is 12.

fmod() Function

The fmod() function returns the remainder of the division of two double data type numbers.

double fmod(double x, double y);

A fmod() function takes two input in double data type and return the result in double data type. You can also pass float data type numbers to the fmod() function but the numbers will implicitly convert into double data type as shown in the example below.

#include <iostream>
#include <conio.h>
#include <cmath>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
    float a,b,c;
    cout<<"Enter two floating point (decimal) numbers\n";
    cin>>a>>b;
    c=fmod(a,b);
    cout<<"Remainder = "<<c;
    return 0;
}

Enter two floating point (decimal) numbers
5.26
3.17
Remainder = 2.09

Here you can see that we have input two floating point numbers 5.26 and 3.17 and pass the values to the fmod() function. The fmod() function returned the result in the variable c after calculating the remainder of the division. Thus the final output is 2.09.

pow() Function

The pow() function is used to computes the power of a number.

double pow(double x, double y);

In mathematics the power is written as x^y.

A pow() function takes two input (first as base value and second as power value) in double data type and return the result in double data type. You can also pass an integer or float data type numbers to the pow() function but the numbers will implicitly convert into double data type as shown in the example below.

#include <iostream>
#include <conio.h>
#include <cmath>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
    int a,b;
    double c;
    cout<<"Enter two integer numbers\n";
    cin>>a>>b;
    c=pow(a,b);
    cout<<"Power = "<<c;
    return 0;
}

Enter two integer numbers
5
2
Power = 25

Here you can see that we have input two integer numbers 5 and 2 and pass the values to the pow() function. The pow() function returned the result in the variable c after calculating the power. Thus the final output is 25.

All the above functions are most commonly used mathematical functions. Below is the list of other mathematical functions that you can use in your program as per requirement.

List of other mathematical functions